• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a method for operating a device for supplying energy to an electrical load (1) in isolated mode with a synchronous generator (2) which can be controlled via its exciter current (Ie) and with a drive (3) for the synchronous generator (2) is controlled in dependence on the energy demand of the consumer (1). In order to achieve an advantageous efficiency under simple control conditions, it is proposed that the rotational speed (n) of the synchronous generator (2) be kept constant by controlling the excitation current (Ie) and that the drive (3) as a function of the consumer (1 ) voltage applied (Uv) is driven.
    公开号:AT516418A1
    申请号:T50824/2014
    申请日:2014-11-10
    公开日:2016-05-15
    发明作者:Hans-Jürgen Dipl Ing Schacht
    申请人:Tech Universität Graz；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The invention relates to a method for operating a device for powering an electrical load in a stand-alone mode with a synchronous generator controllable by its exciting current and with a drive for the synchronous generator, the device being controlled in dependence on the consumer's energy demand, as well as an apparatus for supplying energy to an electrical consumer in an island operation.
    In order not to be dependent on the capacity of a battery in a stand-alone operation, it is known to charge the battery as a function of its charge state via a generator, the drive of which is switched on falling below a predetermined threshold value of the charge state, so that the operating time of the ange¬ closed electrical consumer accordingly extended. As generators often come because of their high efficiency permanently excited Synchronge¬neratoren with the disadvantage that due to the linear dependence of the open-circuit voltage of the rotational speed control of the output, usually the generator current proportional power in a simple manner only on the speed is possible, which is bad Efficiency for the drive conditionally derja can be operated in ei¬nem optimal working range, especially in a training as an internal combustion engine hardly. In addition, with regard to its maximum power, the drive has to be adapted to the maximum load power, so that the load can not be decelerated without limiting the consumption of the load.
    For charging batteries and other synchronous generators are known, such as those used as alternators in motor vehicles. In order to adapt the generator voltage to the battery voltage, the excitation current must be controlled accordingly, and indeed in a wide rotational speed range of the synchronous generator, which in turn adversely affects the efficiency.
    The invention is thus based on the object of being able to operate a device for the energy supply of an electrical load in island operation in such a way that a high degree of efficiency can be ensured, and with comparatively little control effort.
    Based on a method of the type described above, the invention achieves the stated object by the fact that the speed of the synchronous generator is kept constant by controlling the excitation current and that the drive is triggered in dependence on the voltage applied to the load electrical voltage.
    As a result of these measures, the generator acts as a brake, the braking torque being proportional to the generator current which results as a function of the generator internal resistance on account of the voltage difference between the generator idling voltage and the voltage applied to the consumer. An increase of the excitation current causes at the same speed an increase of the generator idle voltage and thus an increase of the governing the generator current voltage difference, which leads to a higher braking current due to the larger generator current, so that the speed via a responsive control of the exciter current the externally excited synchronous generator can be controlled. With a power control of the drive in dependence on the consumer power, which can be detected via the load voltage, thus advantageous operating conditions can be ensured.
    With the regulation of the speed of the synchronous generator to a constant value via the exciting current as a manipulated variable, simple preconditions are created for operating the drive in an advantageous operating range, which represents a significant contribution to improving the efficiency, in particular when using internal combustion engines. Although the excitation power, which is comparatively low, reduces the efficiency, a considerably greater degree of efficiency can be achieved over a wide torque and hence power range in the region of the rated speed for which the device is designed, thus ensuring a correspondingly high overall efficiency can be. The constant speed also brings advantages in terms of Schwin¬gungsbekämpfung and the noise behavior or the noise perception with it, because noise changes are more likely to be perceived. For the drive, particularly simple control possibilities result if a battery connected to the consumer and provided by the synchronous generator is provided, because in this case the drive can only be switched on and off via its control device as a function of the load voltage. Reducing the load voltage below a predetermined lower limit requires turning on and exceeding an upper limit of turning off the drive, and the drive power between the thresholds may be stepwise controlled when the drive is operated in at least two power levels depending on the load voltage. With the control of the drive as a function of the consumer voltage tapped off at the battery terminals, the independence of the type of battery used and its aging result largely because the internal battery resistance is automatically taken into account with this dissipation voltage.
    To be able to operate a device for supplying energy to an electrical consumer in egg island operation according to the inventive method, only via the connected to a speed sensor control device for the synchronous generator of the excitation current in response to a desired Istwertdif- ference of the speed of the synchronous generator in terms of a compensation to control the setpoint-actual value difference, wherein the control device for driving the Syn¬chrongenerators the drive in function of the voltage applied to the load electrical voltage with respect to its performance. If the consumer is connected to a battery that can be charged by the synchronous generator, then the drive for the synchronous generator can be switched on and off by the control device which can be acted upon by the load voltage as a function of the load voltage. Such a two-point control can be supplemented by further threshold values between the switch-on and switch-off limit values in order to be able to operate the drive at different power levels but at a constant speed.
    The drive for the synchronous generator can be designed as an internal combustion engine with maximum power adapted to the maximum generator power. Different power requirements to the power source can thus be met in the extent of the performance of the drive, regardless of the load power, so even in case of overload.
    In the drawing, the subject invention is shown, for example. It shows
    1 shows a device according to the invention for the power supply of an electrical load in an isolated operation in a schematic block diagram,
    2 shows an illustration corresponding to FIG. 1 of an embodiment of a device according to the invention, FIG.
    3 characteristic curves for the open-circuit voltage of the externally excited synchronous generator as a function of the rotational speed at different exciter currents,
    4 shows the generator current over the rotational speed for different characteristics of the open-circuit voltage of the synchronous generator,
    5 shows the time course of a voltage tapped at the battery terminals of a vehicle with an electric motor fed by a battery for a given load course without and with a device according to the invention for supplying energy,
    6 shows a temporal speed profile of a vehicle with an electric motor fed by a battery and a device according to the invention for supplying energy,
    7 shows the power requirement of the electric motor of a vehicle for the Geschwin¬digkeitsverlauf according to FIG. 5 and the power supplied via the synchronous generator Ver¬fügung,
    8 shows the tapped voltage curve at the battery terminals in the form of the voltage difference between the open circuit voltage of the battery and the load voltage without and with synchronous generator connected,
    9 shows a further example of a power requirement of a consumer over the time axis compared to the power supply of a power supply device according to the invention without battery insert,
    10 the time profile of the load voltage in the form of the differential voltage to a setpoint voltage,
    11 shows the time profile of the manipulated variable for the power control of the internal combustion engine for providing the required consumer power, for example, by means of a throttle valve adjustment,
    12 shows the speed curve in a speed control according to the invention of the synchronous generator for a power requirement according to FIG. 9 and FIG. 13 shows the time profile of the exciting current for a speed control according to FIG. 12.
    According to the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 1, the device for supplying energy to an electrical load 1 in stand-alone mode has a separately excited synchronous generator 2 which is driven by a drive 3, preferably a combustion engine, for example a two-stroke engine. In order to excite the synchronous generator 2, a pilot-wave machine 4 is provided, which feeds the exciter winding 5 via a rectifier 6. The excitation current is controlled by a control device 7, which comprises a PID controller 8, which is acted upon by a nominal-actual value difference of the rotational speed. For this purpose, a Ist¬wertgeber 9 and a setpoint input 10 are provided for the speed, which can thus be controlled via the excitation current as a control variable to a constant value.
    The power requirement of the load 1 must be covered by the power of the drive 3 operated at an advantageous output speed, which requires a corresponding power control of the drive 3 via a control device 11. This control device 11 controls an actuating drive 12, for example a throttle valve or an injection pump for the internal combustion engine forming the drive 3. As a measure of the power consumption, the respective Ver¬braucherspannung can be used, with the control device 11 is acted upon in order to control the actuator 12 in response to the power requirement of the consumer 1 can. Therefore, the advantages of a constant speed for the efficiency, the noise formation and perception as well as the vibration behavior can advantageously be utilized, namely under simple control conditions.
    The embodiment of FIG. 2 differs from that of FIG. 1 essentially in that the consumer 1 is connected to a battery 13 which is loaded by the synchronous generator 2 when needed. Dementspre¬chend is a rectifier 14 is provided between the battery 13 and the synchronous generator 2, via which the exciter winding 5 can be fed. The exciter current controlled via the control device 7 as a function of the setpoint-actual value difference of the rotational speed, in turn, serves as a manipulated variable for the speed control, so that nothing changes with respect to the control of the synchronous generator 2 compared to the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. However, because of the battery 13, the drive 3 does not need to cover the full consumer power, which makes substantially simpler control conditions for the drive 3 possible, because in the simplest case the drive at a given power level only depends on falling below a lower and exceeding one upper limit value of the battery voltage needs to be switched on and off so that the battery 13 is charged in response to its state of charge by the synchronous generator 2.
    As can be seen from FIG. 3, in which the generator idling voltage Ug0 is plotted against the rotational speed n of the synchronous generator 2, there is a linear relationship between the generator idle voltage Ug0 and the rotational speed n, the gradient of the characteristic curves being equal to the size of the respective exciter current le Characteristics 15 and 16 show the course of the generator idle voltage Ug0 for the lowest and the highest exciting current le, while the characteristic 17 corresponds to a mean exciting current le. Depending on the selected characteristic 15,16,17 of the generator idle voltage Ug0 thus the open circuit voltage Ubo of the battery 13 is achieved at different speeds n of the synchronous generator 2, which when exceeding this open circuit voltage Ubo has a generator current lg result, as the curves 18,19 and 20 of the Fig. 4 show, which are derived from the characteristic curves 15,16 and 17 for the generator idling voltage. If one sets the speed n, at which the generator idling voltage Ug0 at the lower limit for the excitation current le according to the characteristic curve 15 of the open circuit voltage Ubo of the battery 13, as rated speed nn fixed, so may for different generator currents lgund thus for different load conditions Nominal speed can be adjusted by a corresponding change of the exciting current le between the characteristics 18 and 19. This means that with the exciter current le as manipulated variable, the speed n of the synchronous generator 2 can be regulated to a constant value nn. Of course, this also applies to synchronous generators 2 whose exciter current can only be changed in part because a part of the excitation current is provided by a permanent excitation.
    FIG. 5 shows the voltage Uv which can be tapped on the battery 13 during a time-related power consumption of the load 1 and which serves to control the drive 3. This drive 3 is switched on at a lower limit voltage Uem and switched off again at an upper limit voltage UaUs. In addition, two power levels are provided for the drive 3, wherein the drive power is switched over the controller 11 to a lower power level when exceeding a obe¬ren threshold value Uu the load voltage Uv and falling below ei¬nes lower threshold JL2 again to the higher power level. From the characteristic curve 21 of FIG. 5 it follows that due to the power requirement of the consumer 1, the battery 13 is discharged, which can be recognized by the declining consumer voltage Uv. Would not have any power over the
    Synchronous generator 2 take place, as would result in the dashed lines Span¬nungsverlauf. It is conspicuous in this voltage curve that a voltage increase results between the times ti and t2, which suggests a short-term energy feedback from the load 1 to the battery 13, for example due to the recovery of braking energy.
    Since the consumer voltage Uv drops below the lower limit value Uem, however, the drive 3 is switched on via the control device 11, which leads to a voltage increase and thus to a charging of the battery 13 in this embodiment. Since, according to this voltage increase, the upper threshold value Uh of the load voltage Uv is exceeded, the drive 3 is operated at the lower power level, which manifests itself in a flatter increase in the voltage characteristic. Since the lower threshold U | _2 is undershot in the further course, the drive is again controlled in the higher power stage until the upper threshold Uli is again exceeded, which brings about a fl atch increase in the voltage curve 21 before the drive 3 is turned off when reaching the upper limit Uoff. If, immediately after switching on the drive 3, the load 1 is switched off, the result of the battery terminals is a voltage curve corresponding to the dash-dotted line 22, which causes the battery 13 to charge.
    FIGS. 6 to 8 illustrate the invention with reference to a vehicle powered by a battery-powered electric motor with a device according to the invention for supplying energy. In Fig. 6 there is shown a speed curve of the vehicle, which is first accelerated to a speed v ^ and then decelerated to a speed v2 before the vehicle is stopped. FIG. 7 shows the power requirement Pv for this trip in full lines through the characteristic curve 23.
    From Fig. 8, which shows the voltage profile at the battery terminals based on the Anden battery terminals tapped consumer voltage Uv compared to the idling voltage Ubo of the battery 13, the tapped off at the battery terminals voltage waveform results without connection of the synchronous generator 2 by the curve 24 shown in solid lines braking energy recovered during the braking of the vehicle at the times L and t2 causes an increase in the consumer voltage Uv. From the upper and lower limit values Uem and UaUs shown in FIG. 8 and the threshold values Uu and Ui_2 for the drive 3, it follows that when the lower limit value Uein is undershot, the drive 3 for the synchronous generator 2 is switched on and operated at a higher power level, such as this reveals the dashed line 25 in FIG. 7. The power Pg emitted by the synchronous generator 2 as a function of the characteristic curve 25 causes an increase in the consumption voltage Uv corresponding to the dashed characteristic curve 26 of FIG. 8. With the braking energy recovered at the instant U, the load voltage Uv exceeds the threshold value Uu, with the consequence that the Drive 3 is operated in a lower Leis¬tungsstufe. The output from the synchronous generator 2 power Pgs therefore decreases according to FIG. 7 on the characteristic curve 27, which causes a curve 28 of the Ver¬braucherspannung Uv. After the stoppage of the vehicle initiated at the time t2, however, the drive 3 remains switched on until the voltage Uv reaches the upper limit value Uout.
    FIGS. 9 to 13 illustrate the conditions for supplying energy to a consumer 1 according to FIG. 1 without the use of a battery. The power Pv required by the consumer 1 is represented by the dashed characteristic curve 29, while the power Pg output via the synchronous generator 2 is plotted in a full line 30. In order to be able to provide this power Pg, the drive 3, an internal combustion engine, must be correspondingly driven, which takes place in the selected exemplary embodiment by adjusting the throttle valve via the actuating drive 12. FIG. 11 shows the respective throttle valve angle α from the characteristic curve 31. In the exemplary embodiment, the consumer load Pv exceeds the power Pg which can be output by the synchronous generator 2 from the time t-1. This means that in order to keep the rotational speed n constant on the value n according to FIG. 12, the excitation current le is reduced via the control device 7 relative to the change required for speed adaptation to the changed load, as can be seen in FIG. The overload therefore does not lead to a collapse of the rotational speed n. Only the consumer voltage Uv according to FIG. 10 lowered.
    As soon as the generator power Pg according to FIG. 9 again exceeds the consumer power Pv at the time t2, which manifests itself in a speed increase, the excitation current le is raised in accordance with FIG. 13 in order to keep the speed n constant. At a constant speed n, therefore, a voltage drop occurs only when there is an overload.
    权利要求:
    Claims (8)
    [1]
    1. A method for operating a device for supplying power to an electrical load (1) in island operation with a synchronous generator (2) which can be controlled via its excitation current (le) and with a drive (3) for the synchronous generator (2) Depending on the energy demand of the consumer (1) is controlled, characterized in that the rotational speed (n) of the synchronous generator (2) by a control of the excitation current (le) is kept constant and that the drive (3) as a function of the consumer ¬ch (1) applied electrical voltage (Uv) is driven.
    [2]
    2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that when providing a to the consumer (1) connected by the synchronous generator (2) rechargeable battery (13) of the drive by its control device (11) in Abhän¬gigkeit of the consumer voltage (Uv) is switched on and off.
    [3]
    3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the drive (3) is operated in dependence on the load voltage (Uv) in at least two Leistungsstu¬fen.
    [4]
    4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the synchronous generator (2) by an internal combustion engine in response to the load voltage (Uv) is driven.
    [5]
    5. Device for supplying energy to an electrical load (1) in egg island operation with a separately excited synchronous generator (2), with a drive (3) for the synchronous generator (2) and with a control device (7, 11) on the one hand for the synchronizer ( 2) and on the other hand for the drive (3), characterized gekenn¬zeichnet that to a speed sensor (9) connected to the control device (7) for the synchronous generator (2) the excitation current (le) in response to a Soll-Sollwertdifferenz the speed (n ) of the synchronous generator (2) and controls the control device (11) for the drive (3) of the synchronous generator (2) the drive (3) in response to the load applied to the load (1) voltage (Uv).
    [6]
    6. Apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that the consumer (1) is connected to a by the synchronous generator (2) chargeable battery (13) and that the drive (3) for the synchronous generator (2) by the with the consumer voltage (Uv) acted upon control device (11) as a function of the load voltage (Uv) is switched on and off.
    [7]
    7. Apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the drive (3) for the synchronous generator (2) by the control device (11) in at least two power levels is operable.
    [8]
    8. Device according to one of claims 5 to 7, characterized in that the drive (3) for the synchronous generator (2) is designed as an internal combustion engine with a maximum power adapted to the maximum generator power.
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    引用文献:
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    法律状态:
    2019-04-15| PC| Change of the owner|Owner name: CS-CONSULTANCY E.U., AT Effective date: 20190225 |
    优先权:
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    TW104136592A| TW201633694A|2014-11-10|2015-11-06|A method for operating a device for energy supply of an electrical consumer in isolated operation|
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